Coumarin
Natural - Synthetic
Balsamic Ambery > Coumarinic
Crédits photo: ScenTree SAS
Other names :
Chromen-2-one ; Benzo-alpha-pyrone ; 2-oxo-1,2-benzopyran ; 1-benzopyran-2-one ; 1,2-benzopyrone ; Chromenone ; Coumarinic acid lactone ; Coumarinic anhydride ; Cumarin ; Ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid delta-lactone ; Ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid lactone ; 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic lactone ; Tonka bean camphor
Volatility :
Heart
Uses in perfumery :
Coumarin is a key element in the composition of oriental and fougere notes. Allows to bring a gourmand and vanillic facet to all types of accords. Good fixator.
Natural availability :
Coumarin is present in several plant extracts, including Tonka Bean Absolute, Hay Absolute or sweet woodruff, of which it is the major constituent and from which it can be extracted in its natural state.
Year of discovery :
Discovered in 1868. English chemist William Henry Perkin synthesized Coumarin for the first time, twenty years after its natural discovery by German chemist Friedrich Whöler. The industrial synthesis of Coumarin only started in 1877.
Other comments :
Coumarin is one of the 26 allergens in perfumery.
Its smell is similar to Dihydrocoumarin and less fruity than Octahydrocoumarin.
Its detection threshold is
Its smell is similar to Dihydrocoumarin and less fruity than Octahydrocoumarin.
Its detection threshold is
Price Range :
€
Stability :
Coumarin gets red in alkaline functional bases.
Crédits photo: ScenTree SAS
- Molecular formula :
- C9H6O2
- Molecular Weight :
- 146.14 g/mol
- Density :
- 1.247
- Flash Point :
- 323.6°F (162°C)
- Fusion Point :
- 159.8°F (71°C)
- Appearance :
- White solid
- Log P :
- Data not available.
- Boiling Point :
- 566.6°F (297°C)
- Detection Threshold :
- Between 34 and 50 ppb (0.000005%) and its recognition threshold is in the order of 250 ppb.
Synthesis route :
Coumarin is synthesized from Salicylaldehyde by a Perkin synthesis. This reaction consists in reacting Salicylaldehyde with acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate at a high temperature. Acetic acid also results from this reaction and is the most used method.
Synthesis precursor :
Coumarin allows the synthesis of several perfume compounds. In a diluted alkaline medium, it can be hydrolysed to be converted to cis-2-Hydroxycinnamic acid. In a concentrated alkaline medium, at a hot temperature and in the presence of ethanol, the resulting product is trans-2-Hydroxycinnamic acid. Dihydrocoumarin is obtained by a catalytic hydrogenation of coumarin. Hydrogenation at a high temperature (392-482 °F) allows to synthesize Octahydrocoumarin.
Isomerism :
Coumarin does not have any isomer used in perfumery.
- EINECS number :
- 202-086-7
- FEMA number :
- Data not available.
- JECFA number :
- Data not available.
- FLAVIS number :
- Data not available.
- Allergens :
- Coumarin may provoke an allergic reaction on skin contact (redness, heat, scraching, prickling) for some people.
- IFRA :
- This ingredient is restricted by IFRA
- Restriction type :
- RESTRICTION
- Cause of restriction :
- DERMAL SENSITIZATION AND SYSTEMIC TOXICITY
- Amendment :
- 49
- Quantitative limit on the use :
-
Cat.1 Cat.2 Cat.3 Cat.4 Cat.5A Cat.5B Cat.5C Cat.5D Cat.6 0,089 % 0,08 % 0,089 % 1,5 % 0,38 % 0,11 % 0,16 % 0,035 % 0,0024 % Cat.7A Cat.7B Cat.8 Cat.9 Cat.10A Cat.10B Cat.11A Cat.11B Cat.12 0,18 % 0,18 % 0,035 % 0,52 % 0,52 % 1,6 % 0,035 % 0,035 % 33 % - Annexe I :
- Some regulated synthetic ingredients are found in nature and in certain proportions in natural ingredients. This presence in nature has to be taken into account when calculating limits of use recommended by the IFRA. In case you do not know these concentrations, you can use the ones estimated by the IFRA. Here they are :
- Restriction type :
- RESTRICTION QRA
- Cause of restriction :
- SENSITIZATION
- Amendment :
- 43
- Quantitative usage limits :
-
Cat.1 Cat.2 Cat.3 Cat.4 Cat.5 Cat.6 Cat.7 Cat.8 Cat.9 Cat.10 Cat.11 0,1 % 0,13 % 0,5 % 1,6 % 0,8 % 2,5 % 0,3 % 2 % 5 % 2,5 % Not Restricted - Annexe I :
- Some regulated synthetic ingredients are found in nature and in certain proportions in natural ingredients. This presence in nature has to be taken into account when calculating limits of use recommended by the IFRA. In case you do not know these concentrations, you can use the ones estimated by the IFRA. Here they are :
| List of regulated compounds contained in this ingredient | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingredient Name | Botanical Name | CAS N° | Estimated Concentration |
| Balsam oil, Peru | Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms | 8007-00-9 | 0,03 |
| Cassia bark extract | Cinnamomum cassia Blume | 8007-80-5 | 0,15 |
| Cassia oil | Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees | 8007-80-5 | 2 |
| Cinnamon bark extract | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | 8015-91-6 | 0,3 |
| Cinnamon bark oil | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | 8015-91-6 | 0,6 |
| Cinnamon bark oil, Laos | Cinnamomum loureiroi Nees | 97659-68-2 | 3 |
| Cinnamon leaf oil | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | 8015-91-6 | 0,3 |
| Deertongue leaf absolute | Liatris odoratissima (Walt.) Willd. | 68606-82-6 | 25 |
| Flouve absolute | Anthoxanthum odorantum L. | 68916-09-6 | 2 |
| Flouve absolute | Anthoxanthum odorantum L. | 68916-09-6 | 2 |
| Flouve oil | Anthoxanthum odorantum L. | 68916-09-6 | 8 |
| Hay absolute | Lolium perenne. L | 8031-00-3 | 8 |
| Lavandin abrialis oil | Lavandula x intermedia abrialis | 8022-15-9 | 0,2 |
| Lavendin super oil | Lavendula super | 93685-88-2 | 0,1 |
| Melilotus officinalis extract | Melilotus officinallis (L.) Pall. | 8023-73-2 | 5 |
| Narcissus poeticus absolute | Narcissus poeticus L. | 68917-12-4 | 1,2 |
| Osmanthus absolute | Osmanthus fragrans Lour. | 68917-05-5 | 0,02 |
| Osmanthus concrete | Osmanthus fragrans Lour. | 68917-05-5 | 0,02 |
| Tonka Bean absolute | Dipteryx odorata | 8024-04-2 | 46,7 |
| List of regulated compounds contained in this ingredient | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingredient Name | Botanical Name | CAS N° | Estimated Concentration |
| Balsam oil, Peru | Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms | 8007-00-9 | 0,03 |
| Cassia bark extract | Cinnamomum cassia Blume | 8007-80-5 | 0,15 |
| Cassia oil | Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees | 8007-80-5 | 2 |
| Cinnamon bark extract | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | 8015-91-6 | 0,3 |
| Cinnamon bark oil | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | 8015-91-6 | 0,6 |
| Cinnamon bark oil, Laos | Cinnamomum loureiroi Nees | 97659-68-2 | 3 |
| Cinnamon leaf oil | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | 8015-91-6 | 0,3 |
| Deertongue leaf absolute | Liatris odoratissima (Walt.) Willd. | 68606-82-6 | 25 |
| Flouve absolute | Anthoxanthum odorantum L. | 68916-09-6 | 2 |
| Flouve absolute | Anthoxanthum odorantum L. | 68916-09-6 | 2 |
| Flouve oil | Anthoxanthum odorantum L. | 68916-09-6 | 8 |
| Hay absolute | Lolium perenne. L | 8031-00-3 | 8 |
| Lavandin abrialis oil | Lavandula x intermedia abrialis | 8022-15-9 | 0,2 |
| Lavendin super oil | Lavendula super | 93685-88-2 | 0,1 |
| Melilotus officinalis extract | Melilotus officinallis (L.) Pall. | 8023-73-2 | 5 |
| Narcissus poeticus absolute | Narcissus poeticus L. | 68917-12-4 | 1,2 |
| Osmanthus absolute | Osmanthus fragrans Lour. | 68917-05-5 | 0,02 |
| Osmanthus concrete | Osmanthus fragrans Lour. | 68917-05-5 | 0,02 |
| Tonka Bean absolute | Dipteryx odorata | 8024-04-2 | 46,7 |
To learn more about IFRA's standards : https://ifrafragrance.org/safe-use/library
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